A-431 epidermal cancer cells treated with UE by C6, 30 seconds twice a day, with 6-hour interval between treatments

Cells were stained by H+E for this study.

With this treatment protocol, treated wells (B,D) show no noticeable difference in cell number compared to the untreated wells (A,C).

Immunofluorescence studies on A-431 cancer cells proliferation and activity, with and without UE, 15 sec. once a day

With the use of Ki67 antibody, a marker of DNA mitotic activity, which is high in cancer cells, untreated cancer cells (A,C) show very strong positive staining to the Ki67 antibody (bright yellow-green nucleus staining).

After UE treatments (B,D), the staining with Ki67 antibody diminished significantly, indicating the resulting low mitotic activity of DNA in the treated cells. These results partially explain the decrease in cell number obtained after treatment of cancer cells, compared to the actively dividing untreated cells. The other explanation for decreased cell number after UE treatment is the direct elimination of cancer cells by UE.

Immunofluorescence studies on A-431 cancer cell mitotic activity, using Ki67 antibody

The pictures show a comparison between UE-treated (30 sec/day) and untreated cells. Untreated wells (A,C) show a lot of positive Ki67 staining of nuclei, reflecting high DNA (cancer) mitotic activity. After UE treatment of cells (B,D), Ki67 positive cells decrease significantly, indicating 'new' low DNA mitotic activity. These results demonstrate how UE treatment of cancer cells transforms the remaining cancer cells (not eliminated) to become normal cells.

Different view of the experiment demonstrated in Figure 11

These pictures were taken from a different angle in each well, to show the extension of the staining (shown in Figure 11) over the entire surface of each well.